Fossil fuels, including coal, oil, and natural gas, play a significant but complex role in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). On the one hand, they have historically contributed to economic growth and development (SDG 8), and in many parts of the world, they still provide a significant portion of the energy supply (SDG 7). On the other hand, the extraction and combustion of fossil fuels lead to environmental degradation and climate change (SDG 13), air pollution (SDG 3), and can negatively impact life below water and on land (SDGs 14 and 15). Thus, achieving the SDGs necessitates a transition from fossil fuels to more sustainable forms of energy (SDG 7) and the development of technologies and practices to mitigate the negative impacts of fossil fuel use.
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