Energy Transport Infrastructure for a Decarbonized Economy - Chapter 7: Transport of hydrogen and carriers of hydrogen "

The demand for hydrogen as a decarbonized fuel is expected to dramatically increase in the coming years in three major areas: (1) hydrogen for power generation at large-scale simple and combined cycle power plants; (2) hydrogen in industrial usage, displacing coal and gas-burning furnaces and in refineries and LNG applications; and (3) hydrogen usage for transportation—in the form of liquid fuels and fuel-cell vehicles, especially for long-haul trucking. Hydrogen transport will be needed to support these market demands and will likely be facilitated by high-pressure hydrogen pipelines, liquid hydrogen storage for fuels, and hydrogen carrier fluids. This chapter addresses the current mechanisms for transporting hydrogen, in both gas and liquid forms, and technologies, which support these transportation mechanisms. This chapter also addresses other means of utilizing and requiring hydrogen transport in carrier forms (such as methanol and ammonia) for higher energy density and lower cost/safety risks. Ammonia as a decarbonized aviation fuel alternative is also discussed in the final subsection.