Elsevier,
Oncogenic Viruses
Volume 2: Medical Applications of Viral Oncology Research
2023, Pages 253-266
Oncovirus cancer is a group of more than 100 different diseases. It can develop almost anywhere in the body. Initiation of cancer largely due to genetic changes interferes with the normal process, leading to uncontrolled cell growth. This huge cell mass transforms into a tumor, which can be benign or cancerous and can be malignant, which can grow and spread to other parts of the body. Whereas some types of cancers are nontumorous like leukemia, cancers like lymphoma and myeloma are tumorous. Apart from genetic mutations and other environmental factors such as chemical changes and change in lifestyle, approximately 12% of human cancers occur due to viruses and they are known as oncoviruses. A huge group of people harbors at least one of these oncoviruses, but few go on to develop into cancer. The path from oncovirus infection to the onset of cancer in humans involves a complex process. The viral factors and host interaction create a favorable microenvironment for oncogenesis. At present, seven human oncoviruses are known: Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), human papillomavirus (HPV), Hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV), human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1), human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV). As the first human oncovirus, EBV was first detected in Burkitt lymphoma cells by electron microscopy in 1964. Since then work in oncovirology has been carried out on a large scale to understand the host–virus pathogenesis. Globally, around 20% of all cancers are caused by infectious agents and 12% are caused due to the oncoviruses, and of these, approximately 80% of viral cancers occur in the developing nations. With the help of the existing biochemical techniques such as genomics and proteomics, the identification of virus and their role in the cancer pathogenesis could be investigated, but still knowledge about their microenvironment and interactions is lacking. Current computational techniques support the deep mining of information, and knowledge modeling with preexisting data helps in understanding the sequence-to-sequence mapping followed by structure elucidation, which brings more curated data into the picture. Bioinformatics, cheminformatics, and amalgamation of artificial intelligence play an important role in research in the field of oncovirology. The large datasets obtained from multiple biochemical experiments contain gigabytes of data related to the sequence, structure, and interactions of oncoviruses. Techniques such as computational genomics, computational proteomics, interactomics, sequence analysis, structure modeling, systems biology, protein modeling, and computer-aided drug design have significantly contributed to making research in this field cost-effective.
Elsevier,
Outbreaks, Epidemics, and Health Security
COVID-19 and Ensuring Future Pandemic Preparedness in Ireland and the World
2023, Pages 3-17
Future global health crises should, wherever possible, be managed in a bipartisan way, mindful of the divides they create, supporting SDG3.
This content links with Goal 3: Good health and well-being and Goal 10: Reduced Inequalities by bringing recognition to Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), a group of monogenic, autosomal recessive disorders.
This article ties to SDG 3. In this study, the longitudinal association between a measure of how people cope with uncertainty (intolerance of uncertainty (IU)), fears for the future, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and depression symptoms was investigated.
This article ties to SDG 3. This study aimed to identify assessment and referral practices of emergency departments at rural community hospitals related to care for suicidal veterans and explore the feasibility and acceptability of identifying veterans in need of postdischarge aftercare.
This Article supports SGD 3 by describing a project in Vietnam whereby people who inject drugs were recruited via respondent-based sampling, tested for HCV, then, if positive, supported by community-based organisations through HCV care and counselling. Among those with HCV infection, 66.4% remained were cured and remained free of HCV at 1 year.
This Article supports SDG 3 by describing a cost-effectiveness analysis of point-of-care HCV testing compared with standard of care (laboratory-based testing) in particular settings with people at risk of HCV infection (prisons, needle and syringe programme, drug treatment clinics). It found that all point-of-care testing strategies assessed had a lower cost per treatment initiation than standard of care regardless of setting of HCV antibody prevalence.
This article aligns with the SDG goal 3 of Good health and wellbeing and SDG 10 Reduced inequalities by evidencing that the magnitude of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection increases with the severity of liver disease among chronic hepatitis B patients in Ethiopia.
This Article supports SDG 3 by estimating the disease burden and establishing a baseline of linkage to care for hepatitis B virus in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, showing the feasibility of a large-scale comprehensive screening and access-to-care program for hepatitis B virus elimination in a low-to middle-income country.
This content aligns with Goal 3: Good Health and Wellbeing and Goal 10: Reduced Inequalities by identifying barriers for individuals with ID, their impact on long-term outcomes, and strategies that academics can use to foster positive identity development for this population.
