This study uses social network analysis to model a contact network of people who inject drugs (PWID) relevant for investigating the spread of an infectious disease (hepatitis C). Using snowball sample data, parameters for an exponential random graph model (ERGM) including social circuit dependence and four attributes (location, age, injecting frequency, gender) are estimated using a conditional estimation approach that respects the structure of snowball sample designs. Those network parameter estimates are then used to create a novel, model-dependent estimate of network size.
This 2013 report investigates the link between chocolate and human trafficking. It demonstrates how Supply Chain and Procurement Directors can better understand the risk of human trafficking in their supply chain by analysing media coverage. The insights into the chocolate trade and its links to human trafficking contributes to the advancement of SDG target 8.7 to eradicate forced labour, end modern slavery and human trafficking by 2025.
Based on literature and six country studies (Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Netherlands, Sweden, Slovakia) this paper discusses the compatibility of the EU 2020 targets for renewable energy with conservation of biodiversity.We conclude that increased demand for biomass for bioenergy purposes may lead to a continued conversion of valuable habitats into productive lands and to intensification, which both have negative effects on biodiversity.
The economic crises seems blinding the governments and major economic actors toward environmental troubles. Nevertheless, the impacts of population growth and economic expansion have now the potential to disrupt important regulatory functions of global ecological systems. Green growth involves transforming the production and consumption processes in order to maintain or restore these regulatory functions of the planet's natural capital. It requires that environmental facto rs be treated as an essential factor of production and not merely an externality.
Addresses the impact of long-term care on women, outlining the salient issues affecting women who are receiving care and those who are providing informal caregiving, as well as those who are direct care workers in long-term care facilities. Focus is given to the prevalence of physical and mental health conditions among women in the long-term care system and identification of risk factors associated with women’s health and economic well-being.
Summarizes the evidence on how education, work, and marriage influence women’s health. In light of dramatic changes in gender-based inequalities in education, occupational opportunities, and marriage, trends in major indicators of women’s health are discussed in relation to the relevance of social changes for recent and future population patterns in women’s health.
This chapter aligns with the SDG goal 3 of good health and wellbeing by showing the role of inflammation in drug-induced liver injury.
A growing body of literature supports stigma and discrimination as fundamental causes of health disparities. Stigma and discrimination experienced by transgender people have been associated with increased risk for depression, suicide, and HIV. Transgender stigma and discrimination experienced in health care influence transgender people's health care access and utilization. Thus, understanding how stigma and discrimination manifest and function in health care encounters is critical to addressing health disparities for transgender people.
This book chapter addresses goals 13, 14 and 15 by discussing how global declines of amphibians refer to the phenomenon of the population declines and even extinctions of amphibian species around the world.
This book chapter addresses goals 13, 14, and 15 by discussing the biodiversity of mammals, covering all ranges from a shrew to the blue whale.
